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從 1960 年代早期五角大樓開始，人類機能增進專案已經推進了 50 年。彼時負責為先進研究提供資助的心理學家 J. C. R. Licklider（催生網際網路的專案也是他提出的）就已經開始思考他所謂的人機共生。Licklider 相信，電腦的重要價值在於如何去改善人類的能力，因此他資助了 Douglas Engelbart（《增強人類智力》作者）的研究。Engelbart 提出了「一種新的改善人類個體智力效能的系統方法」，還成立了增強研究中心（Augmentation Research Center）。該中心在 1960 年代想出了以螢幕、鍵盤及滑鼠為基礎的圖形化使用者介面創意。後來該中心的許多研究人員到了著名的Xerox PARC 實驗室繼續工作。Apple借用了 PARC 實驗室的想法，之後的歷史大家都清楚了。
自此以後，真正的計算項目並不是去創建獨立的智慧實體（比方說硬體抽象層 HAL），而是相反去增強人類大腦的薄弱環節。幫助我們完成自己無法完成任務的那些產品成為了最成功最賺錢的產品。我們的工作記憶有限意味著我們的算術糟糕，所以再也沒人去做長除法了。我們的記憶不可靠，因此我們用電子儲存作為補充。人類大腦與電腦相比不擅長與與其他大腦的連接，因此我們發明了維基百科和 Google 搜尋之類的工具來輔助我們進行這種類型的對接。
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我們究竟是變聰明了還是變蠢了？尼可拉斯．卡爾把人類不斷惡化的認知問題歸咎到了 Web 身上。但 Clive Thompson 卻提出了一個相反的觀點，認為技術能提升人類能力。誰的說法正確？此文是哥倫比亞法學院教授 Tim Wu 的文章，原文發表在《紐約客》上，插圖作者為 Hannah K. Lee。
